<p>Hallwood was a mansion house situated to the south of the village of Halton, Cheshire, England. One wing of the house remains and is a public house called the Tricorn. Its former stables have been converted into a function room for the public house. The remaining wing is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building; the former stables are listed at Grade II.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It originated as a moated house which was possibly the home of a keeper in the deer park to the south of Halton, which was probably built in the second half of the 15th century. Hallwood Manor was later known as Hallwood Farm. By the 17th century it had become the birthplace and home of Sir John Chesshyre. In the 19th century the building was used as a school called Hallwood Academy. It is now a public house.</p><br>
<p>The F.B. Henderson House is a Frank Lloyd Wright designed Prairie School home in Elmhurst, Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This house was one of just a few built during Wright&#39;s brief partnership with Webster Tomlinson, the only partnership Wright ever had. However, Wright remained the designing partner of the firm, with Tomlinson acting as the business manager.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>This house was planned as a mirror image of the Warren Hickox House. The plan of the house is also similar, in the main living spaces, to the Edwin H. Cheney House of Oak Park. The home has one large space subtly divided into library, living room, and dining room, all in-line. A large veranda off the living room overlooks the over one-half acre of landscaped grounds. The house has over 80 art glass windows, elegant woodwork, three brick fireplaces, and many built-ins.</p><br>
<p>The McGehee–Stringfellow House, also known as Oak Grove, was a historic plantation house near Greensboro, Alabama, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 17, 1980, due to its architectural significance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built by Abraham and Harriet Hill McGehee. Abraham McGehee was born in Oglethorpe County, Georgia in 1791, Harriet was born in 1798. They married in 1817. By 1824 they had relocated to Alabama and were building the house. Construction on the house stopped after Harriet&#39;s death on February 25, 1826. She was the first burial in the family cemetery on the property. McGehee sold the house and the 800 acre plantation property to Enoch Stringfellow and then migrated to Mississippi. Enoch Stringfellow died in 1839 and the house was inherited by his son, McDonald. McDonald Stringfellow died in 1875, but the house remained in the Stringfellow family until the late 1970s. However, the house had begun to deteriorate in the 1940s due to deferred maintenance. The house and surrounding property were sold in the 1970s to MacMillan Bloedel, a forestry company. The company attempted to move the house from the property in the 1980s, but the brick structure collapsed while still on its original site. The house site remains on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The McGehee–Stringfellow House was built in the Federal-style. It was a two-story structure with two rooms and a central hall on each floor. The entire house was built from brick that was handmade on the plantation by McGehees slaves. It featured side gables and a symmetrical three-bay facade. Both sides of the house had large external chimneys centered in the wall, with windows to either side on both floors. The original woodwork in the house was joined using the older technique of wooden pegs, rather than nails. McGehee had planned a two-story brick ell for the rear of the house, but it was not built due to Harriets death. Instead, Enoch Stringfellow added a frame addition to the rear of the house, as well as a detached one-story log kitchen. The log structure was replaced by McDonald Stringfellow with a frame building housing the kitchen and dining room. It was connected to the house by a covered breezeway.</p><br>
<p>Pago Pago Harbor on Tutuila Island in American Samoa is one of the world&#39;s largest natural harbors. The capital, Pago Pago is located on the inner reaches of the harbor, close to its northwesternmost point. It has the highest annual rainfall of any harbor in the world. It is also considered one of the best and deepest deepwater harbors in the South Pacific Ocean or in Oceania as a whole.</p><br>
<p>Villages along the harbor include several communities in the Greater Pago Pago Area, including Utulei, Fagatogo, Malaloa, Pago Pago proper, Satala, Anua and Atu&#39;u. The judicial capital is Fagotago, while the legislative capital is Utulei.</p><br>
<p>Pago Pago Harbor is surrounded and sheltered by mountains such as Mount Alava, Mount Matafao and Rainmaker Mountain (Mount Pioa).</p><br>
<h2>Tsunami</h2><br>
<p>Fagatogo was struck by a tsunami on 29 September 2009, causing damage and rock slides. A significant amount of debris and oil were dumped into Pago Pago Harbor during the 2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami, which devastated communities along the harbor&#39;s coastline, including Pago Pago. Debris including cars, household items, and boats were thrown into the harbor by the force of the wave. According to the 14-page American Samoan government report, Post-Tsunami Coastal Resource Damage Assessment, "The inner section of Pago Pago Harbor is severely polluted and will require an extensive cleanup program with a significant amount of manpower ... The destruction is everywhere."</p><br>
<p>An oil spill approximately 40 feet wide occurred at the mouth of Pago Pago Harbor as a result of the tsunami. Barrels containing fuel were thrown into the harbor by the tsunami and washed up on shore.</p><br>
<p>It is suggested that one must avoid eating any fish or invertebrate caught in Pago Pago Harbor because they are contaminated with heavy metals and other pollutants.</p><br>
<p>The Snogo Snow Blower was used on the Trail Ridge Road in Rocky Mountain National Park, United States. Manufactured in 1932 by the Klauer Engineering Company of Dubuque, Iowa, the plow was actually a snowblower and featured advanced features such as an enclosed cab, four wheel drive and roll-up windows. It was used in the park until 1952.</p><br>
<p>The Blower used a Climax Blue Streak six-cylinder gasoline engine (6x7=1188cuin), developing 175 horsepower at 1200 RPM. Through the use of an eight-speed gearbox, speed could be varied from 1/4 mile/hr up to a maximum of 25 mph, when not moving snow. It was claimed to be capable of throwing snow 100 feet to the side.</p><br>
<p>Similar blowers, used at Crater Lake and Yosemite National Parks, no longer exist. In 1943 the plow was loaned to Rapid City Air Base for use in keeping the airfield&#39;s runways clear, then returned in the spring. The National Park Service gave the plow to the city of Estes Park, Colorado in 1952, which used it until 1979, when it was damaged by water entering through the exhaust. The plow was returned to the park and put on display at the Beaver Meadows Visitor Center. The park plans to restore the plow to operating condition.</p><br>
<p>Isabella Court is a Spanish Colonial Revival style mixed-use residential and commercial complex at 3909-3917 South Main Street in the Midtown district of Houston, Texas, United States. It is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Isabella Court&#39;s residents mainly consist of artists and other professionals. As of 2009 Trudy Hutchings owns the complex.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William Bordeaux served as the architect and designed Isabella Court, built during 1928 and 1929, as a Spanish colonial revival-style building. The complex has a courtyard, a stuccoed exterior, and a red tile roof. Isabella Court, which opened in 1929, was designed as a mixed-use building with commercial use on the ground floor and apartments on the upper two floors. During his lifetime, architect Charles W. Moore, author of the excerpts within You Have to Pay for the Public Life, wrote that the "charming" Isabella Court had a serious case of what California real estate people call "deferred maintenance."</p><br>
<p>In 1991 Trudy Hutchings purchased the complex. On June 24, 1994 Isabella Court received listing in the National Register of Historic Places. Many of the apartment tenants and businesses are oriented towards the arts. For a period during the construction of the METRORail Red Line some businesses left the building. In 2007 the commercial space was fully leased; during that year Houston Press awarded the building the "Best Artistic Renovation."</p><br>
<h2>Zoned schools</h2><br>
<p>Isabella Court is within the Houston Independent School District.</p><br>
<p>Residents are zoned to MacGregor Elementary School, Gregory-Lincoln Education Center (for middle school), and Lamar High School.</p><br>
<p>The Seneschals House stands at the corner of Halton Brow and Main Street, Halton, Runcorn, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building. The house is dated 1598, which makes it the oldest standing building in Runcorn. It was latterly a farmhouse although was originally built by the judge John King, called to the bar in London in the late 16th century and was originally known as "John Kings New House&quot the occupation of the original owner of the house, led to a later owner, Geoffrey Barraclough, Professor of History at Liverpool University in the mid 20th century coining the current name of the house. The house was, in fact, inhabited originally by a seneschal, that is the original owner, John King.</p><br>
<p>The house is built in sandstone and it has a stone slate roof with a sandstone ridge. It is in two storeys with an attic. At the front are three projections rising to the full height of the house. The central projection contains a porch; the others have bay windows with mullions. Each projection is surmounted by a gable and there are gables at each end of the house. The gables have corbels and moulded copings with finials at their summits.</p><br>
<p>The Doub Farm is a historic home and farm located at Keedysville, Washington County, Maryland, United States. The house is a two-story, seven-bay brick structure set on low fieldstone foundations. The property includes a small brick wash house, a row of board-and-batten outbuildings, a large stone end bank barn, a frame corn crib and wagon shed, and lime kiln. The kiln is still in good condition with its circular lining of header bricks still intact.</p><br>
<p>The land containing the Doub Farm was purchased in 1832 by John Doub of Doubs Mill (Beaver Creek) Maryland and given to his son Sameul Doub. Samuel Doub built the current eight-room brick farmhouse in 1851, as evidenced by painted dates in the attic. Samuels son Frisby Doub owned and lived in the house until 1915. Both Samuel and Frisby were farmers. Frisby Doub died unmarried without children in 1915 and the property passed to the Kline family who had been his caretaker while elderly. The Klines owned the house until sometime in the 1950s or 1960s, when the property was purchased by the US Steel Corporation to use as a stone quarry. The house was subsequently abandoned and fell into disrepair. Economic conditions prevented the stone quarry from being built. William Doub, a great-great grandson of John Doub became aware of the property and in 1976 offered to buy it at a low price from US Steel, who no longer had need for the property. Mr. Doub and his family proceeded to restore the house and used it in the subsequent years as a weekend house. The house was lived in by Mr. Doub&#39;s son, Peyton Doub, from 1992 to 2007 and his other son, Albert Doub and family currently live in the house. The Doubs currently manage the property for conservation and agriculture, leasing the fields and pastures to Brian Baker, a local farmer.</p><br>
<p>One key structure on the Doub Farm is a field stone lime kiln. The roughly cubical structure measures roughly 15 feet wide, deep, and tall. It is open on the top. A single narrow doorway provides access to the bottom. It is thought that farmers in the day would shovel field stones into the top or through the door and burn them to produce powdered lime to spread in the fields to raise soil pH. The remnants of a road marked by fieldstone berms pass by the bottom of the structure and the door.</p><br>
<p>Other outbuilding structures include a brick smokehouse situated just north of the house and a chimney that was likely part of a summer kitchen located just southeast. Peyton Doub remembers that the collapsed remains of the summer kitchen stood until 1976, when his family had the building and a pile of litter inside it removed as part of the overall restoration of the property. Other deteriorated buildings removed in 1976 and 1977 include a wooden wagon shed, an outhouse, and a coop-like wooden building that was reportedly used to raised foxes for their urine. Peyton Doub built a brick patio in front of the chimney in 1978, his senior year in high school.</p><br>
<p>The barn on the property is built of field stone. It is a typical banked dairy barn with stalls below and storage above. Rows of parallel slits in the stone sides provide ventilation. The remnants of a long-abandoned milking operation remain in part of the bottom. Curiously, the bottom stall doors include crude carvings that sketch some type of animal. A cornerstone on the north wall of the barn reads 1819. Obviously, a much older house must have once existed near the barn.</p><br>
<p>The 149-acre property is mostly farm land and pasture. It includes a large number of field stone rock walls (stone fences) in excellent condition. Many wooded tree lines and hedgerows follow field lines depicted on old Civil War-era map sketches. The remnants of many old roadways also remain, evidenced by stonework, fences, tree lines, and bridge abutments. The field lines include numerous large black walnut, hackberry, black locust, honey locust, chinquapin oak, and eastern redcedar trees. The western side of the property is a steep hill which old photos from the 1930s show as farmed but which are now wooded. A well-preserved abandoned roadway follows a sunken course along the western perimeter of the property. A few osage orange trees remain near the roadway and drop their large green tennis ball sized fruits on the ground. The eastern part of the property is a roughly 30-acre tract of pasture land that contains multiple scattered small woodlots, most of which surround abrupt rock outcrops of 20 feet or more. These woodlots, which also show up on 1930s-era aerial photos, are dominated by very large red and white oaks, hickories, and other deciduous trees that may be remnants of virgin tree cover. Several other areas of rock outcroppings support dense patches of eastern redcedar. The Doub Farm pastures, combined with the similar pastures on the adjoining Baker Farm, provide some of the best remaining grassland bird habitat in a region where much of that habitat has been lost to plowing, urbanization, and forest succession.</p><br>
<p>One key feature of the Doub Farm is an unnamed intermittent stream that flows through the property roughly from north to south, passing close in front of the house and barn. The stream&#39;s hydrology reflects the karst topography of the region. The stream is a "losing" stream, with flow being fed by multiple springs emerging from limestone outcrops on the Doub Farm but then losing flow as the stream passes farther from the springs. The stream and adjoining wetlands are typically dry in mid summer and fall with streamflow returning with heavier rain and snowmelt events in winter. The stream typically dries out by later June or July. While flowing, the stream and its wetlands attract enormous numbers of Canada geese and occasional great blue herons and American egrets. Great blue herons frequent the stream as it dries down in late spring and large numbers of carp become entrapped in isolated pools of remnant water. The stream flow is much lower than expected for its watershed of more than 1200 acres north of the Doub Farm. Much of the runoff from the watershed likely flows through underground channels interspersed in the limestone rather than on the surface in the stream. The floodplain associated with the stream is however quite broad and episodically carries torrents of rushing waters expected only from much larger streams. Peyton Doub remembers many such events, some breaking away large sections of fencing crossing the stream.</p><br>
<p>The Doub Farm supports abundant wildlife. Large herds of deer are common. "Piebald" deer are occasionally seen. Peyton Doub has noted over the years numerous groundhogs, skunks, possums, cottontail rabbits, red and yellow foxes, and coyotes. Increasing numbers of grey squirrels are present, likely resulting from the many oaks that the Doubs have planted on the property. Mr. Doub, an avid birder, has noted most common birds of Maryland on the property. Especially common are northern cardinals, blue jays, eastern bluebirds, northern starlings, house finches, song sparrows, chipping sparrows, northern juncos, Carolina chickadees, eastern phoebes, red bellied woodpeckers, pileated woodpeckers, yellow-bellied sapsuckers, and eastern goldfinches. Large numbers of turkey vultures often congregate on trees. Red-tailed hawks have established territories in the front pasture. Large clusters of deep groundhog burrows are present, indicative of large underground colonies. Mr. Doub also commonly sees wild turkeys and an occasional ring-neck pheasant. Venturing out at night on the Doub Farm one will frequently hear barred owls, great horned owls, and barn owls. Brian Baker, who rents and farms much of the land, has anecdotally spoken of black bears and mountain lions in the area.</p><br>
<p>The Doub Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Castle Hotel stands at the top of Halton Hill in Halton, Runcorn, Cheshire, England. Its side walls are continuous with the curtain walls of the ruins of Halton Castle. It is now a public house and is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was originally a courthouse. The court at Halton had been held in the gatehouse of the castle. However, by 1737 its structure had deteriorated so badly that it was decided to build a new courthouse on the site of the gatehouse, using some of the stones from the previous building. The courtroom was on the first floor of the building and prisoners were held in cells in the basement.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse is constructed in red sandstone and it has a slate hipped roof. It has two storeys and seven bays; the lateral two bays project forward on each side. An outside staircase leads up to the first-floor door to the courtroom. Over its door are the Royal court of arms. Inside the courtroom is a marble tablet containing an inscription commemorating the completion of its building.</p><br>
<p>Pixton Park is a country house in the parish of Dulverton, Somerset, England. It is associated with at least three historically significant families or dynasties: the Acland baronets, the politicians and diplomats the Herberts, and the Waughs, a series of writers. The Grade II* listed building was built around 1760 for the Acland family and later altered by the Earl of Carnarvon.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Dyke</h3><br>
<p>Pixton was the seat of the Dyke family.</p><br>
<p>John Dyke (d.1699) of Pixton, who died intestate. The will dated 1700 of his wife Margaret (d.1703) survives, which provides a partial pedigree of the family.</p><br>
<p>Edward I Dyke (will dated 1728), eldest son and heir, of Pixton. He married Elizabeth Blackford (d.1736), daughter of Richard Blackford of Dunster, a Master in Chancery. In her widowhood she became the heir of her infant relative Henrietta Blackford (d.1733), heiress of Holnicote in Somerset.</p><br>
<p>Edward II Dyke (d.1746) of Pixton, eldest son and heir. He was Warden of the royal forest of Exmoor and Master of Staghounds, which pack later became the Devon and Somerset Staghounds, which he kenneled at Holnicote in the north of Exmoor and at Jury and Highercombe, both near Pixton towards the south of Exmoor. He married Margaret Trevelyan, a daughter of Sir John Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet (1670–1755), of Nettlecombe in Somerset, and widow of Alexander Luttrell (1705–1737) of Dunster Castle. Edward inherited Holnicote and estates in Bampton from his brother John Dyke (d.1732), who died without progeny. Edward died without progeny and bequeathed Pixton to his niece Elizabeth Dyke (d.1753), whom he appointed his sole executor, daughter and sole heiress of his brother Thomas Dyke (d.1745) of Tetton. The bequest stipulated that Elizabeth and her husband Sir Thomas Acland, 7th Baronet (1722-1785) should adopt the additional surname of Dyke. Edward Dyke bequeathed his Bampton estates to his nephew Edward Smyth, son of his sister Grace Dyke, on condition he should assume the surname and arms of Dyke. Several portraits of Edward II Dyke exist: two which were at Pixton in 1909 and two at Dunster Castle. Five portraits of his wife Margaret Trevelyan survive, four at Dunster Castle and one at Nettlecombe Court.</p><br>
<h3>Acland</h3><br>
<p>Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 7th Baronet (1722-1785) of Killerton, Devon and Petherton Park in Somerset, who acquired Pixton by his marriage to the heiress Elizabeth Dyke (d.1753). In 1846 he took over mastership of the Staghounds following the death of Edward Dyke.</p><br>
<p>Col. John Dyke Acland (1747-1778), eldest son and heir apparent, who predeceased his father. He was a Tory MP and a soldier who fought in the American War of Independence. He lived at Pixton Park with his wife Lady Harriet Fox, a remarkable woman in her own right, and died there in 1778 He gave Pixton and Tetton to his daughter Elizabeth "Kitty" Acland as part of her marriage settlement on her marriage to into which family those estates passed.</p><br>
<h3>Herbert</h3><br>
<p>Henry George Herbert, 2nd Earl of Carnarvon, husband of Elizabeth "Kitty" Acland. The Herbert family was prominent in the political and intellectual life of Britain throughout the nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>Henry John George Herbert, 3rd Earl of Carnarvon (1800–1849), eldest son and heir, was a writer, traveller and politician.</p><br>
<p>Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon (1831–1890), eldest son and heir, was a leading member of the Conservative Party, a cabinet minister and eventually Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. He redesigned the Pixton estate.</p><br>
<p>Col Molyneux Herbert, heir, buried in the memorial chapel in Brushford Church.</p><br>
<p>Aubrey Nigel Henry Molyneux Herbert (1880–1923), second son of the 4th Earl by his second wife, Elizabeth Howard of Greystoke Castle, Cumberland, sister of Esme Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Penrith. Aubrey was a diplomat, traveller and intelligence officer, associated with Albanian independence and was twice offered the Throne of Albania. He was given Pixton Park by his mother, with 5,000 acres (20 km²). Aubrey and Mary Herbert had four children before he died at the age of 43.</p><br>
<p>Auberon Herbert (1922–1974), (son), who died unmarried. His sister Laura Herbert married the novelist Evelyn Waugh, and their son Auberon Waugh was born at Pixton Park in 1939. In World War II the estate was used for child evacuees.</p><br>
<h3>Bell</h3><br>
<p>In about 1990 the mansion house Pixton Park, but not most of the surrounding grounds, was purchased by Timothy F. Bell, a retired City of London financier, and his wife Beatrice, who still reside there in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Estate</h2><br>
<p>At one time the estate had a herd of Sika Deer (Cervus nippon), and was used for pheasant rearing.</p><br>
<p>The stables to Pixton Park were built in the mid-18th century and are now a private dwelling. In 2007 the stables were bought by Richard Caring, the owner of Annabel&#39;s nightclub and The Ivy restaurant, and subject to a planning application for a "Winter Palace".</p><br>
<p>Pepperpot Castle in Upton, which is also known as Haddon Lodge, was built by Lady Harriet Acland, during the long period of her widowhood, 1778–1815, as a lodge to the drive to connect Pixton Park in Dulverton where her daughter the Countess of Carnarvon lived, with her own estates near Wiveliscombe.</p><br>
<p>South Haddon Cottage, which was built in 1830, formed part of the estate.</p><br>
<p>Two gate lodges were built to the estate. No 1 Jury Lodge and No 2 Jury Lodge In 1870 the Earl of Carnavon resited the entrance to Pixton Park and created a new driveway, more convenient for guests arriving by train from Dulverton railway station, and added a new lodge. Towards Brushford the River Barle is crossed by the New Bridge dating from 1870, which led to Pixton Park,</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Exmoor Oral History Archive: reminiscences of Jean Gabb, a housmaid at Pixton</p><br>
<p>The Daniel Donnelly House is a historic home located at Williamsport, Washington County, Maryland, United States. It is a Flemish bond brick, two-story dwelling on a prominent hill built about 1833. The house shows influence of the Federal and Greek Revival styles. Also on the property are a small garden house, shed, and summerhouse, all small late-20th century structures. The house is associated with the American Civil War Battle of Falling Waters, which took place July 13 and 14, 1863. The Civil War Sites Advisory Commission found the property to be the best preserved battlefield along the route of Robert E. Lee&#39;s retreat from Gettysburg.</p><br>
<p>The Daniel Donnelly House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Novaya Zemlya , also known, especially in Dutch, as Nova Zembla, is an archipelago in the Arctic Ocean in northern Russia and the extreme northeast of Europe, the easternmost point of Europe lying at Cape Flissingsky on the Northern island. Novaya Zemlya is composed of two islands, the northern Severny Island and the southern Yuzhny Island, which are separated by Matochkin Strait. Administratively, it is incorporated as Novaya Zemlya District, one of the twenty-one in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Novaya Zemlya Urban Okrug.</p><br>
<p>Its population as of the 2010 Census was 2,429, of which 1,972 resided in Belushya Guba, an urban-type settlement that is the administrative center of Novaya Zemlya District. The population in 2002 was</p><br>
<p>The indigenous population (from 1872 to the 1950s when it was resettled to the mainland) consisted of about 50–300 Nenetses who subsisted mainly on fishing, trapping, reindeer herding, polar bear hunting and seal hunting. Natural resources include copper, lead, and zinc.</p><br>
<p>Novaya Zemlya was a sensitive military area during the Cold War years and it is still used today. The Soviet Air Force maintained a presence at Rogachevo on the southern part of the island, on the westernmost peninsula (71.61787&deg; latitude, 52.47884&deg; longitude). It was used primarily for interceptor aircraft operations but also provided logistical support for the nearby nuclear test area. Novaya Zemlya was the site of one of the two major nuclear test sites managed by the USSR, used for air drops and underground testing the largest of the Soviet nuclear bombs, in particular the October 30, 1961 air burst explosion of Tsar Bomba, the largest, most powerful nuclear weapon ever detonated.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Russians knew of Novaya Zemlya from the 11th century, when hunters from Novgorod visited the area. (Barentsz died during the expedition, and may have been buried on the Northern island.) During a later voyage by Fyodor Litke in 1821–1824, the west coast was mapped.</p><br>
<p>The island was systematically surveyed by Pyotr Pakhtusov and Avgust Tsivolko in the early 1830s. The first permanent settlement was established in 1870 at Malye Karmakuly, which served as capital of Novaya Zemlya until 1924. Later the administrative center was transferred to Belushya Guba, in 1935 to Lagernoe, but then returned to Belushya Guba.</p><br>
<p>Small numbers of Nenets were resettled to Novaya Zemlya in the 1870s in a bid by Russia to keep out the Norwegians. This population, then numbering 298, was removed to the mainland in 1957 before nuclear testing began.</p><br>
<p>In 1943, during World War II, Novaya Zemlya briefly served as a secret seaplane base for the Nazis&#39; Kriegsmarine, to provide German surveillance of Allied ships en route to Siberia. The seaplane base was established by U-255 and U-711, which were operating along the Northern coast of Soviet Russia as part of 13th U-boat Flotilla. Seaplane sorties were flown in August and September 1943.</p><br>
<h3>Nuclear testing</h3><br>
<p>In July 1954, Novaya Zemlya was designated the Novaya Zemlya Test Site, construction of which began in October and existed during much of the Cold War. "Zone A", Chyornaya Guba (70.7&deg;N latitude, 54.6&deg;E longitude), was used in 1955–1962 and 1972–1975. "Zone B", Matochkin Shar (73.4&deg;N latitude, 54.9&deg;E longitude), was used for underground tests in 1964–1990. "Zone C", Sukhoy Nos (73.7&deg;N latitude, 54.0&deg;E longitude), was used in 1958–1961 and was the site of the 1961 Tsar Bomba test, the most powerful nuclear weapon ever detonated.</p><br>
<p>Other tests occurred elsewhere throughout the islands, with an official testing range covering over half of the landmass. In September 1961, two propelled thermonuclear warheads were launched from Vorkuta Sovetsky and Salekhard to target areas on Novaya Zemlya. The launch rocket was subsequently deployed to Cuba.</p><br>
<p>1963 saw the implementation of the Limited Test Ban Treaty which banned most atmospheric nuclear tests. The largest underground test in Novaya Zemlya took place on September 12, 1973, involving four nuclear devices of 4.2 megatons total yield. Although far smaller in blast power than the Tsar Bomba and other atmospheric tests, the confinement of the blasts underground led to pressures rivaling natural earthquakes. In the case of the September 12, 1973 test, a seismic magnitude of 6.97 on the Richter Scale was reached, setting off an 80 million ton avalanche that blocked two glacial streams and created a lake 2 km in length.</p><br>
<p>Over its history as a nuclear test site, Novaya Zemlya hosted 224 nuclear detonations with a total explosive energy equivalent to 265 megatons of TNT. For comparison, all explosives used in World War II, including the detonations of two US nuclear bombs, amounted to only two megatons.</p><br>
<p>In 1988–1989, glasnost helped make the Novaya Zemlya testing activities public knowledge, The last nuclear test explosion was in 1990 (also the last for the entire Soviet Union and Russia). The Ministry for Atomic Energy has performed a series of subcritical underwater nuclear experiments near Matochkin Shar each autumn since 1998. These tests reportedly involve up to 100 g of weapons-grade plutonium.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Novaya Zemlya is an extension of the Northern part of the Ural Mountains, and the interior is mountainous throughout. It is separated from the mainland by the Kara Strait. Novaya Zemlya consists of two major islands, separated by the narrow Matochkin Strait, as well as a number of smaller islands. The two main islands are:</p><br>
<p>Severny (Northern), which has a large ice cap, the Severny Island ice cap, as well as many active glaciers.</p><br>
<p>Yuzhny (Southern), which is largely unglaciated and has a tundra landscape.</p><br>
<p>The coast of Novaya Zemlya is very indented, and it is the area with the largest number of fjords in the Russian Federation. Novaya Zemlya separates the Barents Sea from the Kara Sea. The total area is about 90,650 km&sup2;. The highest mountain is located on the Northern island and is 1,547 meters (5,075 ft) high.</p><br>
<p>Compared to other regions that were under large ice sheets during the last glacial period Novaya Zemlya shows relatively little isostatic rebound. Possibly this is indebted to a counter-effect created by the growth of glaciers during the last few thousand years.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>The ecology of Novaya Zemlya is influenced by its severe climate, but the region nevertheless supports a diversity of biota. One of the most notable species present is the polar bear, whose population in the Barents Sea region is genetically distinct from other polar bear subpopulations.</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>Moel Penderyn is a hill on the edge of Penderyn village, in the Brecon Beacons National Park in the county borough of Rhondda Cynon Taff, south Wales. It also appeared on older maps as &#39;Y Foel Penderyn&#39;. Its summit at 371m is marked by a trig point.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The hill is formed from both Carboniferous Limestone rocks and the overlying Twrch Sandstone (former Basal Grit) of the Marros Group (former Millstone Grit Series), also of Carboniferous age. It lies along the east-northeast to south-southwest aligned Neath Disturbance, a geological structure associated with the Caledonian Orogeny which locally comprises both a major fault and two tight anticlinal folds.</p><br>
<h2>Industrial remains</h2><br>
<p>The remains of tramways skirt the eastern flanks of the hill and a former tramway incline can still be seen to rise up towards a quarry which once worked deposits in the centre of the hill. Disused quarries working both limestone and gritstone adorn its eastern and northern sides.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The hill is open country and therefore available for walkers to wander at will. Additional access is provided by a public bridleway along its southern flanks and a public footpath between Penderyn village and the waterfall of Sgwd yr Eira on its northeastern edge.</p><br>
<p>Cribarth or Sleeping Giant is a hill in the Brecon Beacons National Park  in Brecknockshire , southern Wales. The summit lies on the broken ridge at an elevation of 428m at OS grid reference SN 831143. To its west is a 426m high rounded top at SN 829144 which lies just to the northwest of a mile long ridge which forms the main bulk of the hill. The ridge attains a height of 423m high at its southwest end and this spot is marked by a trig point. Both of these latter high points are adorned by Bronze Age burial cairns.RCAHM 1997. An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Breconshire : The</p><br>
<p>Prehistoric and Roman Monuments (Part II). London. HMSO.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The hill is formed from both Carboniferous Limestone rocks and the Namurian age Twrch Sandstone (former Basal Grit) of the Marros Group (former Millstone Grit Series), also dating from the Carboniferous Period. It lies on the northeast-southwest aligned geological structure known as the Cribarth Disturbance and indeed gives its name to that regionally important structure. The Disturbance is characterised locally by a tight anticline which follows the alignment of the summit ridge and which is accompanied by one or two lesser folds on its northwestern side.</p><br>
<p>Numerous crags, restricted areas of broken limestone pavement and shakeholes adorn the slopes of this hill as do various man-made features relating to its geology and described below.</p><br>
<p>The hill has been used by generations of geology students for mapping practice.</p><br>
<h2>Industrial archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The tightly folded limestone beds of the summit ridge of Cribarth are intensely fractured making them easy to quarry. Numerous quarries were worked around the summit of the mountain and on its flanks during the nineteenth century and the rock removed by tram. Several kilometres of abandoned tramroads weave around the hill and two major inclines link this high-level network to the former Swansea Canal in the Tawe valley below. The remains of numerous lime kilns can also be seen. Rottenstone was also worked to the north and west of Cribarth.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Other than its lower eastern flanks, the entire hill is open country and therefore available for walkers to wander over at will. Various public footpaths and bridleways provide access over its lower slopes from the communities in the upper Swansea Valley such as Abercraf, Ynyswen and Pen-y-cae. A popular ascent of the hill is by way of a concessionary path starting near Craig-y-Nos Castle.</p><br>
<p>Mount Airy, also known as Grove Farm, is a historic home located at Sharpsburg, Washington County, Maryland, United States. It is a -story Flemish bond brick house, built about 1821 with elements of the Federal and Greek Revival styles. Also on the property are a probable 1820s one-story gable-roofed brick structure that has been extensively altered over time, a late-19th-century frame barn with metal roof ventilators, a 2-story frame tenant house built about 1900, and a mid-20th-century cinder block animal shed. It was used as a hospital for Confederate and Union soldiers following the Battle of Antietam. On October 3, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln and General George McClellan visited Mount Airy, an event recorded photographically by Alexander Gardner.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Price–Miller House is a historic home located in Hagerstown, Washington County, Maryland, United States. It is a -story, brick Neoclassical-style townhouse that rests on a high-cut stone foundation, and was built circa 1824-1825.</p><br>
<p>The Price–Miller House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. Since 1966, it has served as the headquarters of the Washington County Historical Society and home to the Miller House Museum, a historic house and local history museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Price Family (1825 - 1844)</h3><br>
<p>The main portion of the Price-Miller House was built between 1824-1825 for William Price (d.1868), a prominent attorney. Price purchased the lot in 1823, and used the building as both a family home and the site for his Hagerstown law practice. Price served as the United States Attorney for the District of Maryland from 1862-1865 and 1866-1867 and was appointed to his first term by Abraham Lincoln. Price was the father of architect Bruce Price and the paternal grandfather of author and etiquette authority Emily Post. The Price family lived in the house until 1842; the law practice was operated by a partner of William Price, William Beverly Clark, until 1844.</p><br>
<h3>Neill Family (1844 - 1911)</h3><br>
<p>In 1844, William Price sold the house to Alexander Neill, Jr. (1808- 1865) who served as a president of the Hagerstown Bank and also a local attorney. The Neill family lived in the home until 1911, encompassing three generations of the family. The deed passed to Alexander Neill III (1844-1910), an attorney and politician who served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates in 1870 and auditor of the Washington County Court in 1876. The deed for the home then passed to Alexander Neill IV (1875-1911), and his heirs sold the house upon his death from a brain tumor in 1911.</p><br>
<h3>Miller Family (1911 - 1966)</h3><br>
<p>The heirs of Alexander Neill IV sold the house to Dr. Victor Davis Miller, Jr. (1876-1955) a local physician. Dr. Miller moved into the house with his wife, Nellie Baechtell Loose Miller (1878-1965), and two children, Helen Miller Mathias (1907-1994) and Victor Davis Miller III (1909-1968). A third child, Henry Loose Miller (1912-2012), was born in the home a year after the family relocated. Dr. Miller expanded the Miller House with a three-story, one-bay addition that was finished in 1915. In addition, Dr. Miller finished the existing basement areas of the house. The basement and addition were used as a private medical practice, housing four practitioners in addition to Dr. Miller. The Millers lived in the home until the early 1960s, and upon Nellie Miller&#39;s death in 1965, the deed was split between the three Miller children. Victor Davis Miller and Henry Loose Miller donated their two-thirds of the deed to the Washington County Historical Society, and assisted in securing the final third in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Miller House Museum</h2><br>
<p>The house serves as the headquarters of the Washington County Historical Society and is known as the Miller House Museum.</p><br>
<p>Clatworthy Reservoir is situated near Clatworthy in the Brendon Hills on the edge of the Exmoor National Park in west Somerset, England. It is run by Wessex Water and has a capacity of 5,364,000 m&sup3, supplying some 200,000 homes. It impounds the head waters of the River Tone and the surrounding area is used for walking and fishing.</p><br>
<p>Clatworthy Camp, an Iron Age hill fort is situated on a promontory above Clatworthy Reservoir. It is roughly triangular in shape with an area of 5.8 hectares. It has a single bank and ditch, cut through solid rock. There may have been an entrance on the west and two on the east. The ancient settlement of Syndercombe was flooded on the creation of the reservoir. In the Domesday Book of 1086 the manor of Syndercombe is recorded as held by Turstin FitzRolf.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<h3>Angling</h3><br>
<p>There are seven water inlets at Clatworthy which are all described as hot spots for fishermen, but generally the south bank is considered to be the best area. Clatworthy offers top of the water fishing with nymphs or dry flies or, at the deep areas, with sinking lines and flashing lures.</p><br>
<p>Rainbow and brown trout are commonly caught from the banks or from a boat and the lake is well stocked. Some areas of the bank are very steep or wooded and difficult to access.</p><br>
<h3>Walking</h3><br>
<p>Clatworthy reservoir offers the chance to stroll at leisure through a short nature trail or, for the more adventurous, it is possible to walk the entire reservoir perimeter of five miles (8 km). There is ample parking and public toilets at the viewing area which is signposted from Wiveliscombe. From the viewing area visitors can take the perimeter walk - allow 2½ to 3 hours to complete this walk. The car park is open throughout the year, but is locked at sunset.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Clatworthy reservoir features a range of habitats including acid grassland, Fox glove, broadleaf woodlands and scrub leading to marshy areas around the inlet streams. Clatworthy woodland is mainly beech with sessile oaks, silver birch and rowan. The site is home to a range of passage and woodland birds as well as geese, grebes and swans. Red deer, roe deer and badgers are often seen in the woods.</p><br>
<p>The Kerby House, also known as the Randolph Plantation, is a historic Greek Revival plantation house and historic district in Prairieville, Alabama, USA. This area of Hale County was included in Marengo County before the creation of Hale in 1867. The Kerby House was built in 1850 by the Randolph family. The main block is a one-story structure with a five-bay facade. A one-story wing joins the main block on the eastern side. The central bay is covered by a pedimented portico, supported by four simple box columns. The entrance door surround is in the Greek Revival-style. It is included in the Plantation Houses of the Alabama Canebrake and Their Associated Outbuildings Multiple Property Submission. The property was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 7, 1994, due to its architectural and historical significance.</p><br>
<p>Springfield Farm is a historic home and farm located at Williamsport, Washington County, Maryland, United States. It was built in three distinct parts, with the center, or original section, dating from the second half of the 18th century. This two-story plus attic beaded clapboard house is five bays wide with an entrance in the center bay of both the first and second stories on the east façade. The property includes a springhouse and stillhouse both of rough fieldstone, and several smaller buildings. It was a home of Revolutionary War General Otho Holland Williams .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The farm&#39;s barn was purchased by the Town of Williamsport, which now operates the Williamsport Town Museum in the former milk parlor.</p><br>
<p>Rufus Wilson Complex is a group of historic buildings located at Clear Spring, Washington County, Maryland, United States. The property includes a complex of mid-late 19th century buildings which create the center of a small rural settlement named Conococheague located on the National Road. The main house is a large brick dwelling with a mansard roof. This house incorporates a -story limestone dwelling built about 1850 by Rufus Wilson, which was enlarged to its present Second Empire style in the last quarter of the 19th century. Adjacent to the house is a brick post office and store, built about 1880 by Wilson, with an attached feed room of frame construction with weatherboard siding. A carriage house built about 1882 is located immediately behind the store and a bank barn and grazing area are located at the rear of these buildings. Also on the property is a small frame corn crib.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Spasmodic Geyser is a geyser located in the Upper Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Spasmodic Geyser&#39;s eruptions from the two craters can be up to 15 ft high. Water can also erupt from a few inches to ten feet high from the approximately 20 vents. The intervals between eruptions are irregular, but most are in the 1-3 hour range. Spasmodic Geyser was named by A.C. Peale, from the 1878 Hayden survey team, for its erratic eruptions. Its temperature is about 92 &deg;C. Spasmodic Geyser is also connected to the nearby Penta Geyser, which is smaller. While Penta Geyser is erupting, there is no activity from Spasmodic Geyser. Activity from Spasmodic Geyser usually precede eruptions from Sawmill Geyser and Penta Geyser.</p><br>
<p>The McGraw Ranch, also known as the Indian Head Ranch, the =Y Ranch  and the =X Ranch , was established in the Cow Creek valley near Estes Park, Colorado by Peter J. Pauley, Jr., who built a barn at his 160 acre=Y Ranch in 1884, running 2500 head of cattle on the land. The land was sold in 1897 to Hugo S. Miller, who worked with Henry C. Rouse to expand the property to a thousand acres . In 1907 Miller and his wife inherited the lands from Rouse and were visited by Joh J. and Irene McGraw, who leased the property the next summer and purchased it in 1909, changing the brand to=X.</p><br>
<p>The McGraws ranched the land unprofitably until John died in 1917. Irene continued ranching, but in 1935-36 converted to guest ranching. The McGraw family built several cabins, and under the motto "Ranching with Ease" the family operated the guest ranch until 1973. From 1973 to 1988 the property changed hands several times, until the National Park Service bought it with the intention to restore the landscape to its natural state as part of Rocky Mountain National Park. Opposition from local communities convinced the Park Service to convert the ranch to a research facility. It is the only intact dude ranch in Rocky Mountain National Park.</p><br>
<p>The ranch was used in 1936 by USA presidential candidate Alf Landon as a campaign headquarters, giving the ranch valuable publicity as it was being converted to a dude ranch.</p><br>
<p>The Adams Building is a historic commercial building at 1342-1368 Hancock Street in downtown Quincy, Massachusetts. Built in stages between 1880 and 1890, it is a distinctive example of Jacobethan architecture, and is one of city&#39;s oldest commercial buildings. It was owned for many years by members of the politically prominent Adams family. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Adams Building is located in downtown Quincy, roughly across Hancock Street from the United First Parish Church. It is located on a curve in the street that was formerly a junction between Hancock and Temple Streets. It is a 3-1/2 story frame structure, with a stuccoed half-timbered exterior. It has an irregular facade characterized by the repetition of a variety of elements, including large gable wall dormers, polygonal bays, and patterns in the half-timbering. It is roughly divided into thirds by brick firewalls, which rise above the gabled roof.</p><br>
<p>The building was built in two stages, between 1880 and 1890, by John Quincy Adams II; it was one of the city&#39;s first large-scale commercial buildings. Its designer, J. Williams Beal, was a prominent Boston architect with a number of local commissions. When originally built, it housed retail space on the ground floor, and a mixture of residential space, professional offices, and a social club meeting space, on its upper floors. Its offices have been used by a procession of prominent local businessmen, politicians, and lawyers, and it house a local district court for a time. More recently, the upper floors have been converted entirely to professional office space. The building is locally unusual as an example of Jacobethan architecture, a variant on the Tudor Revival.</p><br>
<p>The Old Fall River Road, sometimes referred to as "The Old Road" by park staff in Rocky Mountain National Park was the first automobile road to penetrate the interior of the park. The road linked the east side of the park near Estes Park with Grand Lake on the west side. Work began in 1913 but was interrupted in 1914 by World War I with final work being completed between 1918 and 1920.</p><br>
<p>The narrow road was partly replaced by Trail Ridge Road in 1932, which incorporated sections of the Fall River Road. A rockslide closed the road in 1953 and it was not re-opened until 1968 when the National Park Service cleared the rocks and paved the lower third of the route. The one-way road is open only in the summer, weather permitting, and runs westward from Sheep Lakes to the Alpine Visitor Center.</p><br>
<p>The Arthur Alden House is a historic house at 24 Whitney Road in Quincy, Massachusetts. Built in 1909, it is a good example of a Queen Anne architecture with Shingle style details. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Arthur Alden House is located near Quincy&#39;s main business district, on the north side of Whitney Road a short way east of Hancock Street. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, that is basically rectangular in shape with a side gable roof. It has an asymmetrical facade, with a polygonal bay at the right corner, topped by a hip roof, and a slightly projecting gabled section on the left side. A two-story polygonal bay projects further from this gabled section. The main entrance is just to its right, recessed under the gable section. The recess has decorative wooden elements, including heavy brackets. The building walls are finished in a combination of regular and decorative cut wooden shingles. Windows are of differing sizes and shapes, including sash windows with multipane tops and single-pane bottoms, and casement-style single windows topped by multipane fixed transoms.</p><br>
<p>This house was designed by architect William Lofgren and built in 1909 for Arthur Alden, an executive in financial services companies based in Quincy. The building is a well-executed and preserved example of Queen Anne styling, with its asymmetrical facade, variety of protruding elements, and varied window types. It is the most architecturally sophisticated house on Whitney Road, which was developed residentially in the early 20th century for middle-to-upper class residents, most of whom worked in Quincy.</p><br>
<p>The Randolph Bainbridge House is a historic house at 133 Grandview Avenue in Quincy, Massachusetts. Built about 1900, it is a good example of Shingle Style architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Randolph Bainbridge House is located in Quincy&#39;s Wollaston neighborhood, on the west side of Grandview Avenue between Warren and South Central Avenues. It is a large 2-1/2 story wood frame house, with a cross-gable gambrel roof, wood shingle exterior, and a single-story porch across the front. The gables have small Palladian windows at their peaks, and the porch has a hip roof supported by Tuscan columns. The front facade is three bays across on the ground floor, with a center entrance, and two bays across on the second floor. A one-car garage stands at the rear of the property.</p><br>
<p>Land in the area was purchased for development as a status residential area in 1870, after the Old Colony Railroad introduced commuter rail service into Quincy. Development was spurred in part by the railroad&#39;s offer of three years of free service to new home buyers, and most of the area had been built out by 1900. This house was built c. 1900 by Randolph Bainbridge, the Quincy Commissioner of Public Works. It is one of the more architecturally sophisticated houses on Grandview Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The Quincy Electric Light and Power Company Station is a historic power station at 76 Field Street in Quincy, Massachusetts. Built in 1902, it is a well-preserved example of industrial Colonial Revival architecture executed in brick. It housed a coal-fired plant until 1920, and now serves as a local power substation. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The power station is located on the north side of Field Street, an industrial area between Massachusetts Route 3A and the Town River, a tidal inlet of the Weymouth Fore River on Quincy&#39;s coast. It is a large brick structure, with three interior levels of work space. Its southern facade has three round-arch windows, set above recessed brick panels. The flat roof stands above a modillioned cornice, which is supported by brick pilasters at the building corners. A two-story addition extends to the east, exhibiting similar stylistic details.</p><br>
<p>The Quincy Electric Light and Power Company was founded in 1888 by local businessmen to provide electricity to the community. By 1901, its customer base had grown to be the largest of all the electric companies in Norfolk County. It had this building constructed in 1902 to house a coal-fired power station, sited on the water to ease the delivery of coal. It operated the plant until November 1920, when it switched to purchasing electricity from Boston Edison instead. It continues to be used as a power distribution substation.</p><br>
<p>The Quincy Masonic Temple is a historic Masonic temple at 1170 Hancock Street, Quincy, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1926 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The building is home to three "Blue" Masonic Lodges, two Appendant Bodies: York Rite, Grotto, and two Youth Groups: DeMolay and Rainbow.</p><br>
<p>Rural Lodge was founded in 1801.</p><br>
<p>Macedonian Lodge was founded in 1892.</p><br>
<p>Milton Lodge was founded in 1922.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural significance</h2><br>
<p>The Quincy Masonic Temple is an outstanding example of a Neoclassical building. It has three floors, which include a theater/ballroom, three separate lodge rooms, elaborate ante-rooms, and an oak-paneled library.</p><br>
<p>The imposing main entrance is set on a high basement of regular ashlar blocks, with a flat roof hidden by a shaped parapet. Dominating the facade is a projecting pavilion composed of four giant Ionic columns in antis supporting an architrave replete with Masonic symbols. A large cascade of steps leading up to the main entrance is flanked by metal tripod tables each on a base decorated with a griffin on a terracotta plaque. The main lobby is remarkable for its Egyptian styling, featuring battered entranceways, papyrus ornaments and sphinxes. This leads via two sets of doors to the large Main Lodge room, which is used for Rural Lodge meetings and other large events, and features neoclassical furniture and furnishings and a classical landscape fresco signed by the artist, Carroll Bill.</p><br>
<p>The architects, J. Williams Beal, Sons, designed other nearby landmark buildings in downtown Quincy, including the Art Deco Granite Trust, The Patriot Ledger Building and the neo-Gothic Bethany Congregational Church which is adjacent to the Richardson Thomas Crane Public Library.</p><br>
<p>The organ is a regularly used and fully working EM Skinner opus 661 of 1927, with 470 pipes.</p><br>
<p>The building was infrequently open to the public, but visitors are invited to see the building interior at the Open House (one in Spring, one in Fall).</p><br>
<p>The building was heavily damaged during a 4-alarm fire which occurred on September 30, 2013 after insulation caught fire while employees were working on a basement heat line. Most of the structures interior and contents were destroyed, but the buildings Longleaf Pine and Douglas Fir joists were able to be salvaged and recycled into flooring. The joist lumber was originally purchased from the Geo. McQuesten Company of Boston.</p><br>
<p>The Wollaston Theatre was a historic theater at 14 Beale Street in Quincy, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>Demolition of the theatre began in June, 2016, and was completed over the next few months.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1926 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. In recent decades, the "Wolly" was a second-run discount movie house run by Arthur and Yvonne Chandler.</p><br>
<p>The theater was closed in 2003. After many plans to purchase and renovate it, following Arthur Chandler&#39;s death, the theater was finally sold to Miao Kun “Michael” Fang of Weston, MA. Michael Fang is the owner of the C-Mart supermarket chain.</p><br>
<p>The Wollaston Theatre was the venue for the last performance of the Plasmatics and Wendy O. Williams on their final tour in 1988.</p><br>
<p>According to, the current owner demolished the theatre in 2016.</p><br>
<p>Currently, there is a group of Quincy, Massachusetts residents, led by Jeffrey Martinous, who are campaigning the current owner, city officials and historical preservation societies to work together to save the theatre from demolition, and preserve it for future generations.</p><br>
<p>There was a petition on Change.org to the National Trust for Historic Preservation, to step in and prevent its demolition.</p><br>
<p>There was also a Facebook page started by the group to create public awareness and gather public support to save the theatre.</p><br>
<p>Tor y Foel is a hill in the Brecon Beacons National Park in the county of Powys in Wales. It is located on the eastern flank of Talybont Reservoir, and the summit at 551m is marked by a small cairn. It gives excellent panoramic views over the valley of the River Usk, across to the Black Mountains and west to the Brecon Beacons.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The hill is formed entirely from sandstones and mudstones of the Brownstones Formation of the Old Red Sandstone laid down during the lower Devonian period. Where they are exposed these rocks are seen to dip gently southeastwards. Small diggings near the top of the hill may have been for stone suitable for use as roof tiles.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The upper reaches of the hill are mapped as open country and therefore available for walkers to roam at will. A minor public road from Talybont-on-Usk skirts the western side of the hill and a bridleway from Llangynidr gives access to the eastern corner of the hill.</p><br>
<p>Trovinger Mill, also known as Rohrer&#39;s Mill, is a historic grist mill located in Hagerstown, Washington County, Maryland, United States. It was constructed in 1771 of roughly coursed local fieldstone. It is five bays in length with the mill race running underneath it about midway along its broad side. Nearby is the site of a newer mill, which is said to date later than the grain mill. Also present are the abutments of a bridge which crossed the Antietam at the mill as part of an 18th-century road leading from Hagerstown to the Old Forge about one and a half miles upstream. The structure contains much of the original woodwork as well as a significant part of the milling machinery.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>St. Marks Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal church located at Boonsboro, Washington County, Maryland, United States. Originally formed within Saint Johns Parish, it was incorporated into Antietam Parish in 1899.</p><br>
<p>The original portion of the church was built in 1849 and is rectangular in shape, with two-foot-thick walls, 17 feet tall, constructed of rough-cut native limestone. It is enclosed by a stone wall which was built in 1922 and surrounded on its eastern, southern, and western sides by a cemetery of 173 markers. The church features a wooden portico covered with a wooden Gothic Revival roof and a steeple, which rises another 12 feet and includes the original bell and electronic carillon. The building was closed for a brief period following the Battle of Antietam in 1862, but was reopened and has held services continuously ever since.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 as "St. Mark&#39;s Episcopal Church-Lappans." The church has more recently explored the role of slaves, slave owners, and freed slaves in its history.</p><br>
<p>Hagerstown Armory is a historic armory located at 328 N. Potomac Street in Hagerstown, Washington County, Maryland, United States. It is a two-story Flemish bond brick structure with full basement emulating a Medieval fortification, built in 1926. The front facade features a central block offset by two, three-story towers. Tower tops are characterized by a ring of scalloped stone molding, surmounted by a ring of brick dentils, and topped by two crenelles per side with stone caps. The center section is topped by two crenelles with stone caps with stone tablet bearing the seal of the State of Maryland centered between them.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>An article in the July 17, 2009 Hagerstown Herald-Mail announced that the building may soon be sold and transformed into a mental health center.</p><br>
<p>The Embassy of the United States of America in Vienna is the main United States diplomatic mission to Austria. Since 1947 the embassy building is located on Boltzmanngasse 16, in the Alsergrund district of Vienna.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The United States first established diplomatic relations with Austria when Henry A. P. Muhlenberg was appointed first USA Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Austrian Empire on 8 February 1838. When according to the Compromise of 1867 the empire became the union of Austria-Hungary, the Ministers were so commissioned. The legation officially was elevated to the status of an embassy on 17 May 1902, with Robert Sanderson McCormick as first USA Ambassador.</p><br>
<p>When upon the American entry into World War I the United States broke off diplomatic relations with Austria-Hungary in April 1917, Spain handled the representation of USA interests in Vienna for the duration of the war. In 1921 the USA diplomatic mission reopened as a legation.</p><br>
<p>The Neo-baroque embassy building at Boltzmanngasse 16 was constructed from 1902 to 1904 according to plans designed by architect Ludwig Baumann, then as the new location of the K.k. Academy for Oriental Languages established in 1754 (the precursor of the present-day Diplomatic Academy of Vienna). The studying conditions were severely restricted after the Austrian Anschluss to Nazi Germany and the building was temporarily used as a Wehrmacht military hospital. At the conclusion of World War II, USA occupation troops seized the building until 1946.</p><br>
<p>The USA Government finally purchased the building on 30 June 1947, at the intercession of Eleanor Lansing Dulles and with the consent of the Austrian National Council. The USA Mission in Austria held the status of a legation from 1947 until 1951, when it officially became an embassy, with Walter J. Donnelly as the first USA ambassador to serve in Vienna since Frederic Courtland Penfield departed in World War I.</p><br>
<p>The current United States Ambassador to Austria is Alexa L. Wesner, who presented her credentials to the Austrian president Heinz Fischer on 22 October 2013.</p><br>
<p>The William Allen White Cabins are chiefly associated with newspaper editor William Allen White, who adopted what would become Rocky Mountain National Park as his summer residence from 1912 to his death in 1944. White had visited Estes Park, Colorado while in college, and had previously summered in Colorado Springs. In 1912, White and his wife Sallie purchased an 1887 cabin near Estes Park. The Whites expanded it the next year and built a privy, studio, and two guest cabins.</p><br>
<p>Visitors to the White place included Clarence Darrow, William Jennings Bryan, Nobel Peace Prize winner Jane Addams and USA presidential candidate and Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes. After William White&#39;s death in 1944 the compound remained in the family until 1972, when the property was purchased by the National Park Service. The property was the first nomination to the National Register of Historic Places from Rocky Mountain National Park. The house was rehabilitated in 1976 for use by artists-in-residence.</p><br>
<p>The Pythian Opera House, also known historically as the Knights of Pythias Hall, Boothbay Harbor Opera House and The Opera House, and formally as The Opera House at Boothbay Harbor, is a historic meeting hall and multifunction building at 86 Townsend Avenue in Boothbay Harbor, Maine. Built in 1894, it has housed government offices of the town, and the meeting spaces of fraternal organizations, prior to its present use as a performance venue. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 30, 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Boothbay Harbor Opera House stands near the northern end of Boothbay Harbor&#39;s downtown area, at the southwest corner of Townsend Avenue and Smith Street. It is a large 3-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a hip roof and brick foundation. Its exterior is finished mainly in wooden clapboards, with bands of decorative scallop-cut shingles. The main facade faces east toward Townsend Avenue, and is symmetrically arranged with paired sash windows in the outer bays. The center bay has the main entrance, accessed by a flight of granite steps flanked by decorative railings. The entry is also elaborate, with pilasters supporting a broad entablature and cornice. The second level has two two windows flanked by paired pilasters, again with an entablature above. A three-part Palladian style window occupies the center third floor bay, above which a gabled wall dormer rises into the attic level. The interior of the building has a foyer, which opens into the main auditorium, featuring a stage with proscenium arch, and a balcony running along the sides and rear. The third floor historically housed meeting and storage spaces of the fraternal organizations using the hall, and now also includes a commercial kitchen.</p><br>
<p>The hall was built in 1894 to a design by the prominent Portland architectural firm of Francis H. Fassett and his son, Edward F. Fassett. It was built by the Pythian Hall Company as a multifunction space, housing the town offices as well as space for both the Knights of Pythias and the local Freemasons. It house town offices into the 1930s, and as a fraternal hall into the 1960s, with town meetings held here into the 1970s. During these periods it was also used as a community meeting and cultural event venue. At the time of its construction, it dominated the village skyline, which was otherwise mainly one and two-story wood frame buildings. Sold in 1977 after the town ended its town meeting lease, the building was repurposed into a commercial retail space, and was in 2005 converted back into a performance venue.</p><br>
<p>The Rocky Mountain National Park Utility Area Historic District in Rocky Mountain National Park documents the early administrative core of the park. Beginning in 1920 and continuing into the 1930s, park service and administrative structures were built in the National Park Service Rustic style. Most buildings were built of logs under a policy of blending with the natural landscape. Later construction has respected the materials and scale of the area. Structures include McLaren Hall, designed by landscape architect W.G. Hill, a number of employee residences including the superintendent&#39;s residence, equipment sheds, garages and utility buildings. Many of the buildings built in the 1930s were built by Civilian Conservation Corps labor. The Beaver Meadows Visitor Center is individually listed as a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Tung Fort  is a hill fort in Pune District, India.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>It is about 12 km from Malavli railway station and can also be approached from Lonavala. Tung Fort has an elevation of 1075 m above sea level. Since Pawna was built, it is now surrounded by water on three sides. One can ferry across in a boat from Pawna dam to its base village, Tungi.</p><br>
<p>Tung fort is also named Kathingad fort. The word "Kathin" in Marathi means difficult. While climbing, one can experience the difficult challenge of reaching this fort. The fort is conical and has steep climbs with a very narrow route on the edge of the mountain throughout. From Pawana dam, reaching this fort requires a 400-metre climb.</p><br>
<p>From Lonavala, one can reach the base village Tungwadi around 20 km via Bushy Dam-INS Shivaji-Peth Shahapur-Tungwadi. From Tungwadi village, reaching this fort requires about a 300-metre climb. Road is not so good to travel, work in progress.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Tung Fort was built before 1600 CE. It was built by the Adil Shahi dynasty but was captured by Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. It is small, and not able to hold more than 200 troops at a time. As such, it would not have been able to defend itself on its own for a long time. Its shape and structure suggest that its main function was as a watchtower guarding the road to Pune city. The Dhamale family, one of the Deshmukh from the Maval region, was charged with ensuring the security of Tung Fort. During invasion, it served to provide a temporary distraction for invaders. Thus, the major forts of Visapur and Lohagad would have time to prepare themselves to meet the invading army.</p><br>
<p>This fort served as a watchtower in the past because from top of the fort, a lot of area in the Maval region of the Pawana and Mulshi valleys can be seen, and thus, from the top of the fort, a watch on these areas can be kept.</p><br>
<h2>Major features</h2><br>
<p>Its sharp, conical peak makes Tung Fort a prominent landmark, even from a distance. It has an oval shape, thick walls and numerous bastions. A steep climb on grassy slopes leads to the ruins of a temple at the summit. A rocky staircase leads several feet down to a water reservoir. From the top of the fort, the Lohagad, Visapur, Tikona and Korigad forts are clearly visible.</p><br>
<p>Kozarnika or Peshtera Kozarnika  is a cave in northwestern Bulgaria that was used as a hunters’ shelter as early as the Lower Paleolithic . It marks an older route of early human migration from Africa to Europe via the Balkans, prior to the currently suggested route across Gibraltar. The cave probably keeps the earliest evidence of human symbolic behaviour and the earliest European Gravette flint assemblages came to light here.</p><br>
<p>Kozarnika cave is located 6 km from the town of Belogradchik in northwestern Bulgaria, on the northern slopes of the Balkan Mountains, close to the Danubian Plain. It is opened to the south, at 85 m above the valley. With its length of 210 m, the cave is among the small-sized in the Belogradchick karst region. Studies over the course of two decades uncovered 21 geological layers there, containing (bottom to top) archaeological complexes of Early Lower Paleolithic (layers 13 - 11a), Middle Paleolithic (layers 10b - 9a), Early Upper Paleolithic (layer 6/7), a sequence of an original Paleolithic bladelets industry with backed pieces that scholars called Kozarnikian (layers 5c - 3a), Early Neolithic, Late Copper age, Late Bronze Age, Medieval and Late medieval periods.</p><br>
<p>The Kozarnika cave project started in 1984. Since 1996, it has been headed by Dr. Prof. Nikolay Sirakov (Archaeological Institute and Museum of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria) and Dr. Jean-Luc Guadelli (IPGQ-UMR5199 of French National Center for Scientific Research, Bordeaux-France).</p><br>
<p>In the ground layers, dated to 1.6–1.4 million BP (using palaeomagnetism, which determines age using past patterns of reversals in the Earth&#39;s magnetic field and analyses of both the microfauna and the macrofauna), archaeologists have discovered a human molar tooth (considered to be the earliest human—Homo erectus/Homo ergaster—traces discovered in Europe outside Caucasian region), lower palaeolithic assemblages that belong to a core-and-flake non-Acheulian industry, and incised bones that may be the earliest example of human symbolic behaviour.</p><br>
<p>The findings from Middle Paleolithic layers (East Balkan Levallois cores and side-scrapers as well as East Balkan Levallois and Le Moustier points), rather bifacial points, dating from 300,000–50,000 BP prove presence of hunters’ groups possibly of Homo neanderthalensis. Upper Paleolithic layers consist flint assemblages from the earliest European Gravette complex dating from 43,000 up to 39,000 BP belonging to Homo sapiens sapiens.</p><br>
<p>In fieldwork since 2015, researchers have started to investigate the nature and impact paleo-human presence had on local fauna in order to establish a more accurate chronology of the occupation periods. In this context the research team also attempts to get a better understanding on the relationship between the Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption and its consequences on human occupation in the Kozarnika cave.</p><br>
<p>The Carnegie Library is in Egerton Street, Runcorn, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building and "possesses special architectural and historic interest within a national context". It was built in 1906 to replace an earlier library with a grant from Andrew Carnegie, and closed in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first free public library in Runcorn was established in 1882. This was housed in a room in the Town Hall, which was at that time Waterloo House in Waterloo Road. It was opened with great celebration by Sir John Picton, the chairman of the Liverpool Free Library Committee. The demand was so great that within a year two more rooms were required and a reading room was opened. Three years later two additional rooms were opened and in 1889 a ladys reading room was provided. In 1897, further books and a natural history collection were added to the library and it was further expanded the following year. This was still inadequate for the demands being made upon it and it was decided that the only solution would be an entirely new building. An appeal for a grant towards a new building was made to Andrew Carnegie, who had provided grants for many other libraries in the United Kingdom and elsewhere. Following what seemed at first to have been a refusal, Carnegie gave a grant of £3,000. The new library was built adjacent to Waterloo House. It was designed by James Wilding, surveyor and water engineer to the Runcorn Urban District Council. The library was opened with little ceremony on 1 December 1906 by Mr. D. Bisbrown, chairman of the Council. It remained Runcorns central library until the development of a new town in Runcorn in the 1960s and 1970s. Then a larger library was opened adjacent to the new shopping centre at Halton Lea, and the Carnegie Library became a branch library. It closed in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The library has a reverse L-shaped plan. The front and side elevations are in red sandstone, and the rear extension is in brick. The main section, on Egerton Street, has two storeys and the extension is in red brick. The front elevation has four bays; the left hand bay projects forward and has the form of a tower. Its ground floor has an arched entrance, above which is a series of five lights containing stained glass and the words "Free Library and Reading Room". Above this is a carved stone frieze bearing the inscription "The Gift of Andrew Carnegie 1906". The upper storey has a six-light mullion and transom window containing stained glass with Mackintosh-style designs. At the summit is a parapet. In the ground floor of the other three bays are three four-light windows and in the upper floor is one eight-light window. Between them the frieze from the tower is continued and is carved with floral and foliage designs. These bays have a parapet similar to that on the tower. Inside the entrance lobby is a tiled mosaic floor, and the walls have dados of green and dark brown glazed tiles. Since it was built, there have been considerable changes to the interior.</p><br>
<p>The USA Capitol Gatehouses and Gateposts — designed circa 1827 by celebrated architect Charles Bulfinch — originally stood on the grounds of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Two of the gatehouses are listed on the National Register of Historic Places in their new locations.</p><br>
<p>One gatehouse and three of the gateposts now stand at 15th Street and Constitution Avenue within the President&#39;s Park South historic district. The other gatehouse is at 17th and Constitution, also within the PPS. Four other gateposts have been relocated to the main entrance of the National Arboretum at New York Avenue NE and Springhouse Road NE.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Bulfinch designed the structures as part of the original Capitol design. The gatehouses stood at the base of Capitol Hill on the west side at a carriage entrance to the grounds.</p><br>
<p>The gatehouses were removed from the Capitol grounds in 1874 as part of landscaping renovations designed by Frederick Law Olmsted. In 1880, the west gatehouse was relocated at Constitution Avenue and 17th Street NW, and the east gatehouse at Constitution and 15th. They are placed to flank the White House - Washington Monument axis, which runs roughly along the axis of 16th Street, just south of The Ellipse in President&#39;s Park.</p><br>
<p>The deterioration of the gatehouse sandstone required complete reconstructions in 1938. These restorations were completed under the direction of National Park Service architect Thomas T. Waterman.</p><br>
<p>Four of the original Bullfinch gateposts from the former fence around the Capitol grounds were moved to Constitution Avenue at the same time as the gatehouses. The posts are twelve feet high and five feet square.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The gatehouses are small temple-like stone structures, with rough-coursed masonry (rustication) on the sides and rear and a small Tuscan order porch on the front. The material is Aquia Creek sandstone of a rather poor grade. The east gatehouse bears two high water marks carved into the stone to commemorate flooding in 1877 and 1881.</p><br>
<p>Lake Büyükçekmece  is a liman formed at the point where the river Karasudere flows into the Marmara Sea. The lake is located south of the Çatalca district, west of Istanbul, Turkey. It is used as a freshwater reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The lake&#39;s bar was reinforced in 1988 by a dam. The area of the lake is 28.47 km&sup2, and is 7 km long and 2 km wide. The maximum depth is 8.6 m, following deepening carried out by the State Hydraulic Works.</p><br>
<p>The fluvial lake developed as the flow of Karasudere, and as it came downwards from Çatalca it was blocked off and formed by the resulting sandbank it created. A reedy, brackish salt-water lake exists between the Büyükçekmece Dam and the Marmara Sea. Another lagoon, Lake Küçükçekmece, is located around 12 km east of Lake Büyükçekmece.</p><br>
<p>The number of fish species observed in the lake has decreased from 30 in the past to 15 currently.</p><br>
<p>A historic 635 m long and 7.17 m wide multiple arch bridge, named after the Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan (1489-1588), spans the narrow opening at the bar connecting the lake to the sea.</p><br>
<p>At the northern shore of the lake, Istanbul Hezarfen Airfield is situated on a peninsula.</p><br>
<h2>Biology and status</h2><br>
<p>The lake, which is not protected, was declared by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area in 1989 for its numerous distinct and threatened waterfowl species.</p><br>
<p>The Patchogue River is a mile-long waterway In Patchogue, New York that is lined with a variety of restaurants, marinas, fueling docks, apartment condominiums, and ferry terminals.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Patchogue River Inlet joins itself into the cove of Patchogue bay which is part of The Great South Bay.</p><br>
<p>The River flows south and is greeted by Sandspit park on the southeast corner of the River.</p><br>
<p>The Davis Park ferry terminal is adjacent to the Sandspit park, which offers seating and parking on the river front. Parking is free for Town of Brookhaven residents.</p><br>
<p>Companies and wholesale clam dealers created a viable mixture of uses for the Patchogue river, which was a widely utilized commercial port in the 19th and 20th Centuries.</p><br>
<p>The Patchogue Riverfront Committee is host of the Sea Fair River Festival, a riverfront celebration intended to welcome Long Islanders to enjoy and appreciate the beautiful Patchogue River and its maritime sea life.</p><br>
<p>The Patchogue River serves as a central mariner and recreational water front to many Long Island tourists and Residents alike.</p><br>
<p>The Fire Island Wilderness area, located on the eastern end of Fire Island, is the only federally designated USA Wilderness Area in New York State. It is accessed from the Watch Hill Ferry Terminal located on the Patchogue River one block south and west of the Patchogue train station</p><br>
<h2>Patchogue River Parade</h2><br>
<p>Every year on the Sunday before Thanksgiving, the Patchogue River Parade is held, with boaters decorating and illuminating their boats in that year&#39;s theme. The spectacle is viewable from Sandspit Park, Watch Hill Ferry Terminal, or anywhere on the river.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, the Parade removed the word "Christmas" from its name and became a public controversy, losing about 500 spectators. Brookhaven-based fireworks company "Fireworks by Grucci" dropped its sponsorship after the Greater Patchogue Foundation removed "Christmas" from the parades name because some residents complained the name wasnt inclusive enough. Grucci vice president Philip Butler opposes the secularization of Christmas. His supporters encouraged area residents to stay away from the parade on Patchogue River.</p><br>
<p>Attendance was low for the Boat Parade in 2008 not because Butlers relatively few, but vocal, supporters boycott was successful, but as a result of freezing weather that day coupled with the fact that the well-publicized murder of Marcello Lucero had occurred just two weeks before.</p><br>
<p>The Patchogue River Maritime Center Plan recently unveiled to the public a plan to utilize more of the river&#39;s benefits, ranging from dredging the river to building a Fire Island National Seashore visitors center and a possible marine museum.</p><br>
<h2>List of crossings of the Patchogue River</h2><br>
<p>Roe Avenue West</p><br>
<p>County Route 19 (Suffolk County, New York); Lake Street</p><br>
<p>County Route 85 (Suffolk County, New York); West Main Street</p><br>
<p>Montauk Branch of the Long Island Rail Road</p><br>
<p>County Route 65 (Suffolk County, New York); Division Street.</p><br>
<p>Ysgyryd Fach is a hill one mile east of Abergavenny in the county of Monmouthshire, south Wales. It is often referred to in English as &#39;Little Skirrid&#39; or sometimes as &#39;Skirrid Fach&#39;. Its summit height is just over 270m. A conifer plantation extends over much of the hill including its summit; prior to felling of trees on the upper slopes in 2012 outward views were therefore restricted. The hill is considered to be one of the &#39;seven hills of Abergavenny&#39;.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The hill is formed from mudstones of the St Maughans Formation of the Old Red Sandstone laid down in the Devonian period. Thin beds of calcrete, a thin limestone of terrestrial origin, occur on the hill; its very summit consists of sandstone from the Senni Formation (formerly referred to as the &#39;Senni Beds&#39;). There are few rock exposures and the lower slopes are mantled by glacial till.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>A public footpath runs east-west over the summit of the hill between the minor road to its east and Abergavenny Railway Station. A further path skirts the southern edge of the hill.</p><br>
<p>Everhope Plantation, known throughout most of its history as the Captain Nathan Carpenter House and more recently as Twin Oaks Plantation, is a historic plantation house near Eutaw, Alabama. Completed in 1853 for Nathan Mullin Carpenter, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage due to its architectural and historical significance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Nathan Mullin Carpenter&#39;s family migrated from Franklin County, North Carolina to Greene County, Alabama in the early 1820s. He was born on December 22, 1826. He served with the Eutaw Rangers during the Mexican–American War. Carpenter married twice, first to Catherine Cockrell on September 7, 1848. She died from yellow fever in 1849. He married a second time on January 8, 1851 to Marjorie Pippen.</p><br>
<p>Nathan and Marjorie Carpenter purchased 667 acre of land for $10,012 on September 28, 1852 from John and Anna Rice. The plantations main house was built from 1852 to 1853 by a local builder, David Rinehart Anthony. Anthonys own house, built later in nearby Eutaw, bears a strong resemblance to the Carpenter house. The Carpenter house itself was an almost perfect replication of Pippen Place, built several years earlier by Marjorie&#39;s family. Nathan and Marjorie would raise eight children in the house, five before the American Civil War and three after it.</p><br>
<p>Carpenter organized a company of men called the Confederate Rangers on the lawn in front of the house in 1862. The company would see action in the battles of Chattanooga, Chickamauga, Nashville, and the Atlanta Campaign. Nathan Carpenter died on May 5, 1907, with Marjorie following him on February 14, 1911.</p><br>
<p>The house was inherited by the Carpenters&#39; unmarried daughter, Fannie. A nephew of Fannie, Clifford S. Boyce, inherited the house following her death in 1944. Boyce and his wife, Leah Graves, lived in the house until his death in 1974. The house sat empty until purchased by the Dr. George E. Rudd family in 1977. The house was listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on December 21, 1977, following its purchase by the Rudds. A holdover from earlier times, the house still did not have running water or bathrooms, with the Rudd family only using it as a weekend and holiday retreat. Their absentee ownership continued into the early 1990s, with the house suffering periodic vandalism.</p><br>
<p>The Carpenter house was purchased by Charles and Jan Bullock in 1994, along with the surrounding property. Renaming the place Twin Oaks Plantation, the Bullocks began a long program of restoration and adding modern conveniences to the house. They continued the restoration and preservation of the historic house. Barden Smedberg purchased Everhope in 2012 and opened it for tours, events and lodging.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Greek Revival style house is a two-story wood-frame structure with a side-gabled roof covering the portico and main block of the structure. The foundations and chimneys are built in brick. The front elevation features a two-story portico supported by four monumentally-scaled octagonal columns. The portico spans the entire front of the house, covering all five bays of the facade. Double doors with sidelights occupy the central bay of each floor, with a cantilevered governor&#39;s balcony projecting from the second level.</p><br>
<p>The Ames–Florida–Stork House is a historic house museum in Rockford, Minnesota, United States, on the Crow River. The house was built in 1856 by New England immigrants George F. Ames and his brother-in-law Joel Florida. Ames and Florida came to Minnesota from northern Illinois by steamship. On the steamship, they met Guilford George, a master carpenter and millwright. The three men formed a partnership and established the community of Rockford clustered around a sawmill and a gristmill.</p><br>
<p>The house is one of a few houses in Minnesota built with timber framing before balloon framing and dimensional lumber were well known in Minnesota. The hand-crafting extended beyond the exterior construction.</p><br>
<p>Ames occupied the house until 1878, when he retired due to health problems. He sold the house and his business interests to George Florida, who lived in the house along with two of his three sisters, his mother, and his aunt. They lived in the house until his death in 1936. Mr. and Mrs. Clinton Stork bought the house in 1936. The Storks were interested in history and antiques, and they recognized the historical significance of the house. They resolved to preserve the house and to share it with school children, the community, and others interested in state and local history. The house was donated to the city of Rockford in 1986. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 as the Ames–Florida House. It was listed for its local significance in architecture, commerce, industry, and settlement for its associations with the founding of Rockford around the Ames–Florida mill.</p><br>
<p>The Scottsville Free Library, located at 28 Main Street in the village of Scottsville, New York, with a small branch at 883 George Street in Mumford, serves the people of the towns of Wheatland and Chili, as well as adjacent areas in Monroe County.</p><br>
<p>Unlike most public libraries, the Scottsville Free Library has always been a private non-profit association. Membership in this association is open to all local residents: one need merely apply for a library card. A board of seven trustees, elected by the association members to three-year terms, provides governance of the association.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Background</h3><br>
<p>The history of the library has been admirably written by Carl F Schmidt, an architect locally noted for his histories of the area, and George Engs Slocum, a local figure whose history of the town appeared in the very early 20th century. (The original publication of Slocum&#39;s history was by private printing of three hundred fifty copies in Scottsville, by Isaac Van Hooser. In 1998 (Slocum) and 2002 (Schmidt), the commissioned the Higginson reprints.)</p><br>
<p>Schmidt wrote in 1952-1953, while Slocum stopped in 1906.</p><br>
<h3>Antecedence</h3><br>
<p>In 1796, the state legislature enacted a law providing for the establishment of local private subscription libraries.</p><br>
<h4>Farmers' Library</h4><br>
<p>The Scottsville Free Librarys beginnings may be traced back to The Farmers Library, founded on 6 January 1805 and the first institution of its kind in the western part of New York State. At its heart, a lending library is its collection of books. In the days before newspapers, reliable postal service, and other forms of communication, books comprised one of very few connections to the outside world. The Farmers&#39; Library began when John Garbutt walked to Canandaigua and returned with twenty-three books purchased from the Myron Holley Store.</p><br>
<p>The first twenty-two books were:</p><br>
<p>"Morse&#39;s Universal Geography"</p><br>
<p>Nine volumes of "The Spectator" by</p><br>
<p>Two volumes of Paley&#39;s "Philosophy"</p><br>
<p>Two volumes of Beattie&#39;s "Elements of Moral Science"</p><br>
<p>"Arabian Nights"</p><br>
<p>Two volumes of ""</p><br>
<p>Baxters "The Saints Everlasting Rest"</p><br>
<p>"History of England" by Oliver Goldsmith</p><br>
<p>"Boston&#39;s View"</p><br>
<p>Franklin&#39;s works</p><br>
<p>"The American Revolution"</p><br>
<p>Eventually, this collection grew to some fifteen hundred forty-seven volumes, and the Society which was founded to support and manage the library also thrived, with ample public support. For its first two years, the library lived in the home of Peter Sheffer, Jr; for the next two, with Cyrus Douglass.</p><br>
<p>In an analysis of the history of The Farmers Library by Philip B. Daghlian in the University of Rochester Library Bulletin (Volume II · November 1946 · Number 1), this observation is made about the selection of books: "It might be observed in passing that the tastes which are reflected in this instance would do credit to a community with far greater claims to culture and sophistication." Daghlian further observed, "One can see from this sampling that the founders of The Farmers Library were interested in substantial reading matter, principally in the categories of philosophy and religion, history and travel, belles-lettres, and the practical arts. This is the basic pattern followed throughout the history of the organization, although in later years it was the custom to purchase current publications almost exclusively. It is not likely that any of the readers regarded themselves as intellectuals, and yet their reading tastes would be highly respectable in any age. And the condition of the surviving books proves that they were really read."</p><br>
<p>A provision of the Societys by-laws stipulated that "the library should forever be kept within two miles of the bridge over Allans Creek on Isaac Scotts farm." Allans Creek eventually became Oatka Creek, and this restriction also passed into history in 1810, when the library was moved to Albrights Mill at Halls Corners (todays Wheatland Center). In 1816, it was moved again, from Wheatland Center to Garbutts Mills, housed in Garbutt&#39;s store at times and in private residences at other times, under the care of Phillip Garbutt.</p><br>
<p>The founders of The Farmers&#39; Library included:</p><br>
<p>Membership (under the terms of the organization&#39;s constitution, each member was called a proprietor) in the library came, initially, at a cost of a dollar and a half; at the time, this was the price of a pair of long gloves, a long scythe, a pair of worsted stockings (long?), eight hens, three yards of towel cloth, or three gallons of whiskey. This fee was later doubled. In addition to the membership subscription, the annual dues varied between half a dollar and a dollar. Only in 1822 were non-members allowed to borrow from the library, albeit at an annual fee. The organization was incorporated on 31 May 1811.</p><br>
<p>The rationale for locating the library in grist mills was simple: the first facility to be built by settlers after their own housing was the mill which ground grist into meal or flour. Farmers naturally congregated at the mill, spending time talking whilst waiting for their grain to be ground. (To a limited degree, this can still be seen today.) Thus, this proved the optimal site for the local library.</p><br>
<h4>Scottsville Library</h4><br>
<p>In 1839, when the nascent Scottsville library first appeared, The Farmers Library was divided between Scottsville and Garbuttsville. The members from Scottsville took their books away, establishing a new library in Ira Carpenters store. This was located in the front half of that part of the municipal building which until recently housed the fire department. In fact, it was literally within spitting distance of the present library building. This smaller and vitiated library did not last; interest in it diminished, along with membership, and, several years later, the books were sold at auction and the proceeds distributed among the shareholders.</p><br>
<p>The thousand or so volumes belonging to the Garbuttsville faction stayed with Philip Garbutt. They remained in his store until 1866, at which time William Garbutt, Philips son, took them into his residence, where they were kept until 16 November 1934, when Mrs Eleanor M Garbutt, Pittsford, NY, sold them to the University of Rochester library. The Farmers Library, itself, ended in 1870.</p><br>
<h3>The Scottsville Village Improvement Society</h3><br>
<p>Founded in 1911 to encourage all local women to participate in civic betterment efforts, the Scottsville Village Improvement Society took an active interest in the matter of a local library. With leadership and financial support from Mrs Etta Fraser Miller, the Society opened the Reading Room on Main Street. At first precisely what the name implies, a place where one could go to sit and read, the Reading Room occupied the Societys clubroom in the Woodgate home at 29 Main. Access was open to anyone, and the Reading Rooms collection included books and periodicals for all ages. Public acceptance of the Reading Room encouraged the Society to expand it into a circulating library. The success of the newly formed Scottsville Free Library was measured in the more than four thousand visits during the first year.</p><br>
<p>In 1914, Mrs Miller&#39;s son, R T Miller, Jr, assisted the Society (see below) in the acquisition of Windom Hall. Two years later, the Society offered the West Room of Windom Hall to the library, as it had outgrown its space at 29 Main Street. At this juncture, the Reading Room had some five hundred volumes, all of which moved across the street into a room charitably described by its occupants as not unduly warm in winter.</p><br>
<p>The state granted the library a provisional charter in 1916 upon the establishment by Miss Sophia Miller and Miss Ruth Hanford, along with nearly two dozen other Scottsvillians, of the Scottsville Free Library Association. This enabled the library to receive its first public financial assistance, $100 in state aid, with the proviso that it be spent on the purchase of approved books. By now president of the library&#39;s Board of Trustees, Miss Miller urged the library to move to the second floor of Windom Hall, where it would have greater space. This was done in 1919, and it led to greater use of the library.</p><br>
<h3>The current building</h3><br>
<p>Following the end of the Scottsville Library in 1840, half a century passed without anything to take its place. Then, a number of concerned citizens and several teachers at the Scottsville Union School organized an effort which collected four hundred dollars for a library to serve both the school and the community.</p><br>
<p>Carl F Schmidt writes -</p><br>
<p>"The Scottsville Improvement Society was organized in September 1911, with sixty-four members. The object of the society was the civic improvement of the village and the town. In 1915, the society wanted to buy Windom Hall, which could be obtained for the sum of $2,500. R T Miller, Jr, offered the society one-half of the money, provided the members raised a like amount. They soon accomplished their objective and became owners of the building on Main Street, which today is the home of the Scottsville Free Library.</p><br>
<p>For years there had been a need for a library, and Roscoe Brown tried to do something about it. He started a library in his own home and loaned books. The Scottsville Improvement Society took over this work; after the purchase of Windom Hall, a library and reading room were maintained on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The was organized in January 1916, and a charter was granted by the State Board of Regents a month later. The Scottsville Improvement Society then deeded the Windom Hall property to the Scottsville Free Library. Miss Sophia Miller was elected the first president."</p><br>
<p>The Scottsville Free Library today occupies the former Windom Hall. Designed by architect Charles Ellis of Rochester and constructed in 1891-1892 by builder Myron Pope and mason Isaac Leake, it has seen many usages for commercial, professional, and public functions and enterprises. Its initial purpose was as a village hall, in the old sense of the term. To this end, James H Kelly acquired the old William Hanford House at 28 Main Street and demolished it; in its place, a new building was constructed. It opened on 17 February 1892, with a reception, supper, and dance. On the following two days, the Scottsville Dramatic Club performed the play, "Above the Clouds".</p><br>
<p>The rooms of did more than serve as a venue for civic events. A dentist named Stevenson practiced his profession in one of the rooms from 1895 to 1898. Another dentist, Herbert W Boylan, opened his first practice in the East Room of Windom Hall, now the Childrens Room of the library. In another room on the west side of the hall, Thomas Brown III founded and ran a bank in 1904. (It failed shortly thereafter.) In 1898 and til 1918, a room on the east side of Windom Hall was home to the Scottsville post office.</p><br>
<p>The Scottsville Library Association operated from the second floor until 1937. By that time, the demand for its services necessitated moving downstairs to the greater space available on the first floor. The automatic chimes atop the hall were donated to the village by Romanta T Miller, Jr, along with the paneled oak memorial on the rear (north) wall of the first floor stage on which are written the more than five hundred fifty names of local men and women who served in the military, from the Revolutionary War through World War 2. (This memorial was designed by architect Carl F Schmidt, the author of History of the Town of Wheatland.)</p><br>
<p>In 1950, the town board appointed Mrs Miriam Bischetsreider town nurse, with an office in Windom Hall. Like much of what made the history of Wheatland a fascinating picture of the evolution of the American culture, the concept of town nurse is today an unheard-of anachronism.</p><br>
<p>Currently, the Wheatland Historical Association maintains a repository of local historical resources in the Cox Local History Room (formerly the West Room and the first home of the library in Windom Hall), with hours of 1:30pm to 4:30pm and 7:00pm to 8:30pm on Tuesdays.</p><br>
<p>The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Collections and services</h2><br>
<p>Currently, the library in Scottsville has some 30,600 volumes and circulates more than 61,000 items annually, with a service population of a little more than 5,100 people. As a member of the, it has access to the resources of all of the county&#39;s libraries.</p><br>
<h2>Staff</h2><br>
<p>In addition to the Director, the library eight part-time librarians, one of whom serves as bookkeeper. The library is open for limited hours six days a week.</p><br>
<h2>Funding</h2><br>
<p>Throughout its history, the library has avoided public funding, preferring to maintain its independence.</p><br>
<p>In addition to contributions from the public, endowments from Romanta T Miller, Jr, have sustained the library, with significant gifts in 1943 and 1955. In both instances, the gift required small matching donations by the village and town governments. In 1960, the F G Ebsary Foundation provided a grant of $5,000, which was spent on a large room for children&#39;s materials. In subsequent years, the Ebsary Foundation has continued to support the library, helping to pay for building maintenance, a roof, the heating system, new paint, and wiring. The Eugene Cox memorial fund underwrote the history room bearing his name.</p><br>
<p>Rising costs obliged the library trustees to ask the village and town governments for greater assistance. This request, in 1968, resulted in annual support from the village of $875 and from the town $10,000. The town eventually assumed the entire responsibility for assistance, with the amount rising to $50,000 in 1986. Improvements in operating efficiency over the years have also been implemented.</p><br>
<h2>Branch</h2><br>
<p>The library maintains a in Mumford in the Donnelly House; it has approximately 12,000 items.</p><br>
<p>The Serre Calabresi or Calabrian Serre  are a mountain and hill area of Calabria, southern Italy, characterized by large extents of woods.</p><br>
<p>The name could be derived by the Jewish Ser, meaning "mountains", or it could refer to the shape of a handsaw. The highest peak is the Monte Pecoraro, with an altitude of 1423 m.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>The chain begins at the Passo della Limina and ends at Catanzaro Isthm, the narrowest in Italy (35 km separating the Ionian Sea from the Tyrrhenian Sea). It is bounded by the Sila Range from the north and by the Aspromonte from the south.</p><br>
<p>Geologically, the Serre Calabresi are part of the so-called Calabrian Alps, and are mostly formed by graniti, porphyry and diorite. The eastern area also includes sandstone, while the Monte Mammicomito has instead a limestone-dolomite structure, characterized also by Karst topography. Badlands are also present.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna and vegetation</h2><br>
<p>The fauna of the Serre has been depleted by human hunting. Recently, the Italian wolf has returned, probably from Sila.</p><br>
<p>Vegetation include Abies alba and Oak in the lowest slopes, while the Beech predominates over the 80 m of altitude.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Signal Knob is the northern peak of Massanutten Mountain in the Ridge and Valley Appalachians with an elevation of 2,106 ft. It is located in George Washington National Forest in Shenandoah County and Warren County in Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The peak offers expansive views into the northern Shenandoah Valley and the town of Strasburg, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Signal Knob was used by Signal Corps in the American Civil War by both the Union and Confederate armies. The Confederates occupied it from 1862 to 1864, and it was a key observation point for the Battle of Cedar Creek. On August 14, 1864, a group of Union troops won control of the peak by defeating a detachment of the 61st Georgia Volunteer Infantry. Remains of Civil War era fortifications can still be seen around the area.</p><br>
<p>The Massanutten Trail, maintained by the Potomac Appalachian Trail Club, leads hikers and mountain bikers up to Signal Knob. There are many loop options of varying lengths which may be combined with the Tuscarora Trail. Trails in the Signal Knob area are known to be less crowded than Shenandoah National Park, to the east.</p><br>
<p>The New Haven Battlefield is the area of American Civil War engagement s at the intersection of the Rolling Fork and the former Louisville and Nashville Railroad line between Knoxville and New Haven, Kentucky. The geographic area includes the James Howell Farm  and additional combat areas of December 30, 1862.</p><br>
<h2>James Howell Farm</h2><br>
<p>The James Howell Farm established in 1830 was expanded in the 1840s and late 1850s. On one side of the property, the Louisville and Nashville Railroad established Knoxville branch tracks (now owned by the Kentucky Railway Museum) with a station at New Haven. After the Skirmish at New Haven and the end of the Civil War, roads on the property were cut through the path in the nineteenth century; in the twentieth they became farm roads, and eventually ceased to exist altogether, with only what is now Kentucky State Route 52 still remaining.</p><br>
<h3>Fort Allen</h3><br>
<p>Fort Allen, Kentucky, was named for Union Captain John K. Allen of Company H, 78th Illinois Infantry Regiment, who led the building of the stockade from October 27 to November 5, 1862, using logs set upright in the ground to a height of 7 ft. Army-issue Sibley tents were stockaded in at the corners, the walls between each tent were 45 ft long, and a central brick "furnace" was for cooking. The stockade was designed to hold a single infantry company. The regimental staff arrived in November 1862 and a smaller headquarters stockade and a stable for their horses were added.</p><br>
<p>After the successful Fort Allen defense during the Skirmish of New Haven, the 78th Illinois transferred south in January 1863 and was replaced at the fort by the 63rd Indiana Infantry. The 63rd Indiana Infantry transferred to Camp Nelson in January 1864 and was replaced by the 33rd Kentucky Infantry, whos commander, Cyrus J. Wilson, was Fort Allens last commander. After the fort was abandoned in April 1864, the fort&#39;s military buildings were burned on September 19, 1864, by guerrilla Henry C. Magruder; who was captured by Wilson in April 1865 and hanged after recovering from being shot.</p><br>
<h2>Skirmish at New Haven</h2><br>
<p>During Morgan&#39;s Christmas Raid in 1862, three companies of the 9th Kentucky Cavalry arrived near New Haven late on December 29 to destroy the Rolling Fork railroad bridge. The next morning New Haven native Captain Henry P. Housley delivered the Confederate surrender demand to Fort Allen; and the 78th Illinois Infantry commander, Colonel Benneson, refused despite frequent surrenders when the Raid had used artillery to previously challenge Union infantry forts.</p><br>
